Class 8 – History Chapter 4 - India in the Eighteenth Century

Write True or False.

a. The Later Mughals could not keep the empire intact. True

b. The Mughals had a strong navy. False

c. Shuja-ud-Din and Siraj-ud-Daulah ruled over Bengal. True

d. Maharaja Ranjit Singh united all the misls. True

e. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and the Mughals. False

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Fill in the blanks.

1. The Mughal nobility was composed of Iranis Hindustanis and Turanis.

2. The Third Battle of Panipat resulted in the defeat of the Marathas.

3. Hyder Ali established a modern arsenal in Dindigul.

4. Ali Muhammad Khan ruled over Rohilkhand region.

5. Bengal's independent kingdom was one of the most prosperous regions of India.

6. Safdar Jung ruled over Awadh kingdom

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Answer in one or two sentences.

1. Name two Later Mughal emperors.

Later Mughal emperors are –
i. Bahadur Shah I
ii. Jahandar Shah
iii. Farrukhsiyar

iv. Muhammad Shah

2. Into how many groups was the Mughal nobility divided? Name them.

The Mughal nobility was divided into three groups:
i. Iranis
ii. Hindustanis

iii. Turanis.

3. Write one factor that undermined the military might of the Mughals.

One factor undermining the military might of the Mughals: The lack of unified leadership and effective military strategies.

4. Who invaded India in 1739? Which two treasures did he carry away with him?

Nadir Shah invaded India in 1739. He carried away the Peacock Throne and Immense Wealth from Delhi.

5. Who carved the independent states of Bengal and Hyderabad!

The independent states of Bengal and Hyderabad were carved out by local leaders and nobles following the weakening of Mughal authority.

6.  Who is regarded as the most renowned Rajput ruler of the eighteenth century? Which city did he find?

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is regarded as the most renowned Rajput ruler of the eighteenth century.         He founded the city of Amritsar.

7.  Between whom was the First Anglo-Mysore War fought and when?

The First Anglo-Mysore War was fought between the British East India Company and Hyder Ali from 1767 to 1769.

8. Who forced Farrukhsiyar to return the territories previously held by Shivaji?

Maharaja Shahu forced Farrukhsiyar to return the territories previously held by Shivaji.

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Answer these questions.

1. The emperors who succeeded Aurangzeb had neither the personality nor the administrative acumen
to keep the Mughal Empire intact. In this context, discuss the following.
a. Jagirdari crisis
b. Wars of succession

Answer –

a. Jagirdari Crisis The Jagirdari system, which involved granting land revenue rights to nobles (jagirdars) in return for military service, became increasingly problematic after Aurangzeb's reign. The central authority weakened, leading to rampant corruption and inefficiency. Jagirdars began to treat their lands as personal property, often neglecting their responsibilities to the empire. This resulted in reduced revenue for the Mughal treasury and diminished military support. The inability to maintain a reliable and loyal administrative class further destabilized the empire, contributing to its fragmentation. b. Wars of Succession

The Wars of Succession emerged after Aurangzeb's death in 1707 due to a lack of clear succession protocols and the intense rivalry among his descendants. Unlike earlier emperors, the later Mughals did not possess the charisma or leadership qualities needed to unify various factions. Multiple claimants to the throne led to infighting and conflicts, severely weakening the central authority. This disunity allowed regional powers to assert their independence and further eroded the control of the Mughal Empire, making it difficult to maintain a cohesive administration or military presence across the vast territories. In summary, both the Jagirdari crisis and the Wars of Succession highlighted the deterioration of centralized power and administrative efficiency in the later Mughal Empire, leading to its eventual decline.

2. With reference to the decline of the Mughal Empire, discuss the following. a. Foreign invasions b. Aurangzeb's policies

Answer –

a. Foreign Invasions 

The decline of the Mughal Empire was significantly exacerbated by foreign invasions, particularly the invasion of Nadir Shah of Persia in 1739. Nadir Shah's forces not only defeated the Mughal army but also sacked Delhi, carrying away immense wealth including the famous Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-Noor diamond. This invasion revealed the vulnerability of the Mughal Empire and emphasized the declining military strength and administrative control. Subsequent invasions by figures like Ahmad Shah Durrani further destabilized the empire, leading to the fragmentation of its territories and loss of authority over regional powers. 

b. Aurangzeb's Policies

 Aurangzeb's policies played a crucial role in the decline of the Mughal Empire. His rigid adherence to orthodox Islam led to the alienation of many non-Muslim subjects, particularly Hindus, which strained the empire’s traditional inclusivity. The imposition of jizya (a tax on non-Muslims) and the destruction of Hindu temples incited resentment and rebellion among various communities. Additionally, Aurangzeb's prolonged military campaigns in the Deccan drained the empire's resources and diverted attention from pressing issues in the northern regions. His centralized governance style, coupled with resistance from regional powers, weakened the empire's cohesion and contributed to its eventual fragmentation. 

In summary, foreign invasions and Aurangzeb's divisive policies were critical factors in the decline of the Mughal Empire, undermining its military strength and alienating significant portions of its population.

3. With reference to the rise of regional kingdoms, discuss the following. a. The rise of Bengal and Hyderabad as independent kingdoms b. Punjab under the Sikhs  c. Mysore under Tipu Sultan

Answer –

a. The Rise of Bengal and Hyderabad as Independent Kingdoms 

The decline of the Mughal Empire led to the emergence of Bengal and Hyderabad as powerful independent kingdoms. In Bengal, the Nawabs gained significant autonomy, with figures like Murshid Quli Khan establishing a strong administrative framework. The region became prosperous due to its agricultural productivity and trade, attracting the attention of European powers. Similarly, in Hyderabad, the Asaf Jah dynasty, founded by Qamar-ud-Din, gained prominence. The combination of rich resources, strategic location, and effective governance allowed both Bengal and Hyderabad to flourish, asserting their independence from Mughal control and engaging in diplomatic and military interactions with European powers. 

b. Punjab under the Sikhs 

In the wake of Mughal disintegration, Punjab emerged as a significant regional power under Sikh leadership. Guru Gobind Singh established the Khalsa in 1699, promoting a sense of unity and identity among Sikhs. Following the Mughal decline, leaders like Banda Singh Bahadur fought against Mughal oppression, and by the mid-eighteenth century, the Sikhs formed a confederation of misls. Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who unified these misls in the early nineteenth century, established a secular and prosperous Sikh Empire, characterized by strong military prowess and effective administration. The Sikh Empire played a crucial role in the regional politics of India, asserting independence against both Mughal remnants and British encroachments. 

c. Mysore under Tipu Sultan 

Mysore emerged as a formidable regional power under the leadership of Tipu Sultan in the late eighteenth century. Tipu, the son of Hyder Ali, inherited a modernized army and an innovative administrative system. He is known for his resistance against British expansion through a series of wars known as the Anglo-Mysore Wars. Tipu Sultan not only defended his kingdom through guerilla tactics and the use of advanced technology, including rockets, but also sought to expand his influence in Southern India. His efforts to establish a strong, independent state and his advocacy for a united front against colonial powers positioned Mysore as a significant player in the regional dynamics of the period. 

In summary, the rise of regional kingdoms like Bengal, Hyderabad, Punjab, and Mysore during the decline of the Mughal Empire illustrates the shifting power dynamics in India. Each of these regions, under capable leadership, leveraged local resources and military strength to assert independence and redefine their roles in the larger political landscape.

4. In the eighteenth century, the Peshwas became the real decision-makers. In this context, discuss the following. a. Balaji Vishwanath b. Balaji Baji Rao c. Two causes for the failure of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat

Answer –

a. Balaji Vishwanath 

Balaji Vishwanath served as the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1713 to 172 and is credited with laying the foundation for the Peshwa's prominence in Maratha politics. He adeptly navigated the complex power dynamics of the time, strengthening the Peshwa's authority while working to unify the fragmented Maratha leadership. His diplomatic skills helped secure alliances and consolidate power, allowing the Marathas to expand their territory and influence significantly. Balaji Vishwanath's tenure marked the beginning of the Peshwas as effective decision-makers and key players in the broader political landscape of India. 

b. Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Baji Rao) 

Balaji Baji Rao, also known as Nana Baji Rao or Peshwa Baji Rao I, became the Peshwa in 172 and held the position until 174. He is often regarded as one of the most effective Peshwas, known for his military campaigns and administrative reforms. Under his leadership, the Maratha Empire expanded significantly, extending its influence into northern India and asserting dominance over rival powers. Baji Rao I was instrumental in establishing a centralized administration and fostering a sense of unity among the Maratha confederacy. His aggressive military strategies and diplomatic prowess made the Peshwa's office a powerful institution in the empire, setting the stage for future expansion. 

c. Two Causes for the Failure of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat 

1. **Lack of Unity Among Maratha Leaders**: One of the critical reasons for the Marathas' failure at the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) was the internal divisions among their leadership. Different factions and regional leaders had their agendas, leading to a lack of cohesive strategy and coordination during the battle. This disunity weakened their overall military effectiveness and created vulnerabilities that the opposing forces could exploit.

 2. **Overextension and Logistical Challenges**: The Marathas had overextended their reach, leading to logistical challenges in sustaining their troops. They faced difficulties in maintaining supply lines and managing resources, especially in the harsh winter conditions of the region. Additionally, underestimating the resilience and tactical acumen of the Afghan forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the Marathas found themselves ill-prepared for the fierce confrontations that ensued. 

In summary, the rise of the Peshwas, particularly under Balaji Vishwanath and Balaji Baji Rao, significantly shaped Maratha politics and military strategies. However, the failure in the Third Battle of Panipat highlighted critical internal divisions and logistical strains that ultimately led to a disastrous defeat for the Marathas in their quest for dominance in northern India.

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Identify

   Nadir Shah

  Ahmad Shah Abdali 

Maharaj Ranjit Singh

The Jantar Mantar observatory in Jainpur – UNESCO World Heritage Site 

Hyder Ali

  Tipu Sultan

  Peshwa Baji Rao

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Timeline

• 1713 - Balaji Vishwanath Became the Peshwa
• 1717 - Bengal became independent under Murshid Quli Khan
• 1722 - Saadat Khan ruled Awadh
• 1724 - Chin Qillich Khan carved the independent state of Hydrabad
• 1739 - Nadir Shah invaded India
• 1761 - Third battle of Panipat

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REGIONAL KINGDOMS

• Awadh - Saadat Khan
• Bengal - Murshid Quil Khan
• Rohilkhand - Ali Muhammad Khan
• Hyderabad - Chin Qilich Khan
• Punjab - Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• Bharatpur - Jat chiefs such as Badan Singh, Churaman
• Mysore - Hyder Ali

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Additional Questions for Practice -

Fill in the Blanks -

1. Murshid Quli Khan became the independent ruler of Bengal and shifted his capital to Murshidabad.
2. Chin Qilich Khan founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty in AD 1724.
3. Haider Ali was the ruler of Mysore.
4. Banda Bahadur was the leader of the Sikhs after the death of Guru Govind Singh.
5. Balaji Vishwanath was the first Peshwa.
6. During the first half of the 18th century, the great Mughal empire decayed and disintegrated.
   The Mughal emperors who ruled India after the death of Aurangzeb are known as the later Mughals.
7. There were four groups of nobles in the Mughal court.
8. Nadir Shah looted and plundered Delhi He carried away immense treasures including the priceless Kohinoor and the Peacock Throne.
9. Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan, repeatedly attacked the Mughal empire.
10. Bahadur Shah Zafar, was defeated in the Revolt of 1857 and exiled to Rangoon by the British.

Match The following Answers -

Choose the correct answer:

1.      Aurangzeb/Akbar/Shah Jahan followed a policy of religious intolerance.
Ans. Aurangzeb followed a policy of religious intolerance.

2.      The military campaign in the Deccan led by Shah Jahan/ Aurangzeb/Akbar ruined the Mughal empire financially
Ans. The military campaign in the Deccan led by Aurangzeb ruined the Mughal empire financially.

3.      The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan/Persia/Iraq shattered the power and prestige of the Mughal empire.
Ans. The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan shattered the power and prestige of the Mughal empire.

4.      The Mughal empire lasted for over 3/5/6
Ans. The Mughal empire lasted for over 3 centuries.

5.      The British ruled over India for a 100 years/nearly 200 years/ 300 years.
Ans. The British ruled over India for nearly 200 years.

True/False

1.                     Bahadur Shah ascended the throne after the death of Aurangzeb.
         True.

2. The Mughal court was united and stable.
   False
   Correct:- The Mughal court was divided and unstable.
3. The Mughal officers were given jagirs as payments for their services.
   True.
4. The Mughal rulers did not have a navy.
   True.
5. The successors of Aurangzeb were very strong and efficient.
   False.
   Correct: The successors of Aurangzeb were very weak and inefficient.

6.      The office of the Peshwas was always hereditary.
False.

7.      In the Third Battle of Panipat, the Marathas fought with the Rajputs and the Jats.
False.

8.      The later Mughal kings were able rulers.
False.

9.      Safdar Jung was the first Nizam of Hyderabad.
False.

10.   Jai Singh built an observatory (Jantar Mantar) and Pink City (Jaipur).
True.

Answer the following:

a.      When did the transition from the Medieval to the Modern Period begin in India?
Answer:
The transition from the Medieval to the Modem Priod began with the decline of the Mughal empire in the first half of the 18th century.

b.      Write in brief the causes that led to the downfall of the Mughal empire.
Answer:
Causes that led to the downfall of Mughal Empire were -
(a) Weak successors: After Aurangzeb’s death the Mugh empire started declining. His successors were weak were toys in the hands of nobles and Governors. The lacked the administrative skills of their predecessors.
(b) Internal Rivalry: The nobles and Governors belonged different groups and were always engaged in const? struggle for power. This hampered the growth of the emp
(c) Crisis in Jagirdari and Mansabdari system: The Mugh introduced the Jagirdari and the mansabdari systems , smooth running of their administration but they only prov to be the cause of the decline of their empire.

(d) Invasion of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali: Duri the reign of Mohammad Shah two foreign invasions crippl the Mughal empire. They invaded India and weakened tl Mughal Empire.

c.      When and between whom was the Third Battle of Panipa fought? What were its results?
Answer:
The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between Ahmad Shah Abdali, an Afghan invader and Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao. The Peshwa suffered a crushing defeat and this put an end to the Maratha power.

d.      Name the first independent Nawab of Bengal. What were his achievements?
Answer:
Murshid Quli Khan became the first independent Nawab of Bengal. He established an efficient administration and effectively organised the revenue system. He also started the new system of land revenue collection, on the basis of contracts, known as Ijara system. He reorganised the zamindari for which he is will remembered in the history of Bengal.

e.      When was the Battle of Plassey fought? What effect did it have on the position of the English East India Company?
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the British and Siraj-ud-daulah in which the English defeated the army of Siraj-ud-daulah. From then onwards the English East India Company functioned as king makers in Bengal politics. Finally,the English established their full sway in 1765 when Robert Clive set up the Dual Government in Bengal.

f.       Who was Haider All? Discuss his achievements.
Answer:
Hyder All was the ruler of Mysore. He started his career as an ordinary soldier in the Mysore army. He won many battles against the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad and routed his enemies in two consecutive Anglo-Mysore Wars.

g.
Which ruler was known as the Tiger of Mysore?
Answer:
Tipu Sultan, the son and heir of Haider Ah and ruler of Mysore is known as ‘Tiger of Mysore.

V. Tell me why

Question 1.
The consequence of the Third Battle of Panipat was and advantageous for the British.
Answer:
The Marathas had established a Maratha Kingdom during the reign of Aurangzeb. They were very powerful and with time and with the decline of the Mughals would have proved worthy , opponents to the emerging British empire but the third Battle of Panipat (1761) sealed their fate. Ahmad Shah Abdali, an Afghan . invader gave a crushing defeat to the forces of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao. It put an end to the Maratha power and their dream of ruling India. Thus, the way was proved for the British East India Company to gain power and become supreme.

Question 2.
Independent states were formed in the 18th century.
Answer:
The later Mughal rulers were so weak that they could not hold the provinces of the empire together. These provinces were under Governors who were always engaged in wars. Gradually, they took advantage of the situation of misrule and misgovemance by the central authority and declared independence.Thus, Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh Rohikhand became independent one after the other.